Portland, Oregon

Portland
—  City  —
City of Portland
Montage of Portland
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): "Rose City", "Stumptown", "P-town", "PDX", and "Little Beirut"[1] See Nicknames of Portland, Oregon for a complete listing.
Location of Portland in Multnomah County and the state of Oregon
Portland Location in the United States
Coordinates: 45°31′12″N 122°40′55″W / 45.52°N 122.68194°W / 45.52; -122.68194Coordinates: 45°31′12″N 122°40′55″W / 45.52°N 122.68194°W / 45.52; -122.68194
Country	United States
State	Oregon
Counties	Multnomah, Washington, Clackamas
Founded	1845
Incorporated	February 8, 1851
Government
- Type	Commission
- Mayor	Sam Adams[2]
- Commissioners	Randy Leonard Dan Saltzman Nick Fish Amanda Fritz
- Auditor	LaVonne Griffin-Valade
Area
- City	145.4 sq mi (376.5 km2)
- Land	134.3 sq mi (347.9 km2)
- Water	11.1 sq mi (28.6 km2)
Elevation	50 ft (15.2 m)
Population (2009)
- City	582,130
- Density	4,288.38/sq mi (1,655.31/km2)
- Metro	2,217,325
- Demonym	Portlander
Time zone	PST (UTC-8)
- Summer (DST)	PDT (UTC-7)
ZIP codes	97086-97299
Area code(s)	503/971
FIPS code	41-59000[3]
GNIS feature ID	1136645[4]
Website	www.portlandonline.com

Portland is a city located in the Northwestern United States, near the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers in the state of Oregon. As of July 2009, it has an estimated population of 582,130,^[5] making it the 30th most populous in the United States. Portland is Oregon's most populous city, and the third most populous city in the Pacific Northwest, after Seattle, Washington and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Approximately 2.2 million people live in the Portland metropolitan area (MSA), the 23rd most populous in the United States as of July 2006.^[6]

Portland was incorporated in 1851 and is the county seat of Multnomah County.^[7] The city extends slightly into Washington County to the west and Clackamas County to the south. It is governed by a commission-based government headed by a mayor and four other commissioners.

The City of Portland has been referred to as one of the most environmentally friendly or "green" cities in the world.^[8] The city and region are noted for strong land-use planning^[9] and investment in light rail, supported by Metro, a distinctive regional government. Portland is known for its large number of microbreweries and microdistilleries, as well as its coffee enthusiasm. It is also the home of the Trail Blazers NBA team.

Portland lies in the Marine west coast climate region, marked by warm, dry summers and rainy but temperate winters. This climate is ideal for growing roses, and for more than a century, Portland has been known as "The City of Roses"^[10][11] with many rose gardens—most prominently the International Rose Test Garden.

History

Portland in 1890

Portland started as a spot known as "the clearing,"^[12] which was on the banks of the Willamette about halfway between Oregon City and Fort Vancouver. In 1843, William Overton saw great commercial potential for this land but lacked the funds required to file a land claim. He struck a bargain with his partner, Asa Lovejoy of Boston, Massachusetts: for 25¢, Overton would share his claim to the 640 acre (2.6 km²) site. Overton later sold his half of the claim to Francis W. Pettygrove of Portland, Maine. Pettygrove and Lovejoy each wished to name the new city after his respective home town; this was decided with a coin toss, which Pettygrove won in a series of two out of three tosses.^[13] The coin used for this decision, now known as the Portland Penny, is on display in the headquarters of the Oregon Historical Society.

At the time of its incorporation on February 8, 1851 Portland had over 800 inhabitants,^[14] a steam sawmill, a log cabin hotel, and a newspaper, the Weekly Oregonian. By 1879, the population had grown to 17,500.^[15] The city merged with Albina and East Portland in 1891, and annexed the cities of Linnton and St. Johns in 1915.

Portland's location, with access both to the Pacific Ocean via the Willamette and the Columbia rivers and to the agricultural Tualatin Valley via the "Great Plank Road" through a canyon in the West Hills (the route of current-day U.S. Route 26), gave it an advantage over nearby ports, and it grew very quickly.^[16] It remained the major port in the Pacific Northwest for much of the 19th century, until the 1890s, when Seattle's deepwater harbor was connected to the rest of the mainland by rail, affording an inland route without the treacherous navigation of the Columbia River.

[edit] Nicknames

The most common nickname for Portland is The City of Roses,^[17] and this became the city's official nickname in 2003.^[18] Other nicknames include Stumptown,^[19] Bridgetown,^[20] Rip City,^[21] Little Beirut,^[1] Beervana^[22][23] or Beertown,^[24] P-Town,^[18][25] Soccer City USA^{[26][27][28][29]} and the metonymous PDX.

[edit] Geography

The Willamette River runs through the center of the city, while Mount Tabor (center) rises on the city's east side. Mount Saint Helens (left) and Mount Hood (right center) are visible from many places in the city.

[edit] Topography

Portland lies at the northern end of Oregon's most populated region, the Willamette Valley. However, as the metropolitan area is culturally and politically distinct from the rest of the valley, local usage often excludes Portland from the valley proper. Although almost all of Portland lies within Multnomah County, small portions of the city lie within Clackamas and Washington counties with mid-2005 populations estimated at 785 and 1,455, respectively. The Willamette River runs north through the city center, separating the east and west sections of the city before veering northwest to join with the Columbia River (which separates the state of Washington from the state of Oregon) a short distance north of the city.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 145.4 sq mi (376.5 km²). 134.3 sq mi (347.9 km²) of it is land and 11.1 sq mi (28.6 km²), or 7.6%, is water.^[30]

Portland lies on top of an extinct Plio-Pleistocene volcanic field known as the Boring Lava Field.^[31] The Boring Lava Field includes at least 32 cinder cones such as Mount Tabor,^[32] and its center lies in Southeast Portland. The dormant but potentially active volcano Mount Hood to the east of Portland is easily visible from much of the city during clear weather. The active volcano Mount Saint Helens to the north in Washington is visible in the distance from high-elevation locations in the city and is close enough to have dusted the city with volcanic ash after an eruption on May 18, 1980.^[33] Mount Adams, another prominent volcano in Washington state to the northeast of Portland, is also visible from parts of the city.

[edit] Climate

Portland experiences a temperate climate that is usually described as Oceanic or Marine west coast, with mild, damp winters and relatively dry, warm summers. Like much of the Pacific Northwest, according to the Köppen climate classification it falls within the cool, dry-summer subtropical zone (Csb), also referred to as cool-summer Mediterranean, due to its relatively dry summers.^[34] Other climate classification systems, such as Trewartha, place it firmly in the Oceanic zone (Do).^[35]

Summers in Portland are warm, sunny and rather dry, with August, the warmest month, averaging 68.5 °F (20.3 °C), and much larger day-night variation than in winter. Due to its inland location and when there is an absence of a sea breeze, heatwaves occur (in particular during the months of July and August) with air temperatures sometimes rising over 100 °F (38 °C), but 90 °F (32 °C) is more commonplace, occurring 13 days per annum.^[36] Winters are normally mild, and very moist, with January averaging 39.9 °F (4.4 °C). Lows, though usually above freezing, can reach that mark or below 37 nights per year, however.^[36] Cold snaps are short-lived, and snowfall occurs no more than a few times per year, although the city has been known to see major snow and ice storms thanks to cold air outflow from the Columbia River Gorge. The city's winter snowfall totals have ranged from just a trace on many occasions, to 60.9 inches (154.7 cm) in 1892-93. Spring can bring rather unpredictable weather, resulting from warm spells, to thunderstorms rolling off the Cascade Range. The rainfall averages an equivalent 37.5 inches (950 mm) per year in downtown Portland， spread over 155 days a year. The lowest temperature ever recorded in Portland was −3 °F (−19 °C), set on February 2, 1950.^[37] The highest temperature ever recorded was 107 °F (42 °C), set on July 30, 1965 as well aset<br />Portland in 1890 Portland 1890-ben<br />Main article: History of Portland, Oregon Bővebben: története Portland, Oregon</P><p>Portland started as a spot known as "the clearing," [ 12 ] which was on the banks of the Willamette about halfway between Oregon City and Fort Vancouver . Portland indult a helyszínen más néven "a tisztás," [12] , amelyet a bankok a Willamette körülbelül félúton Oregon City és a Fort Vancouver . In 1843, William Overton saw great commercial potential for this land but lacked the funds required to file a land claim. 1843-ban, William Overton látta, nagy kereskedelmi potenciállal ez a föld, de hiányzott a szükséges forrásokat a fájl a szárazföldi állítás. He struck a bargain with his partner, Asa Lovejoy of Boston , Massachusetts : for 25¢ , Overton would share his claim to the 640 acre (2.6 km²) site. Ő ütött egy üzletet az ő partnere, Asa Lovejoy a Boston , Massachusetts : A 25 ¢ , Overton osztozna igényét a 640 hektáros (2,6 km ²) honlapján. Overton later sold his half of the claim to Francis W. Pettygrove of Portland, Maine . Overton később eladta a fele állítja, hogy Francis W. Pettygrove a Portland, Maine . Pettygrove and Lovejoy each wished to name the new city after his respective home town; this was decided with a coin toss , which Pettygrove won in a series of two out of three tosses. [ 13 ] The coin used for this decision, now known as the Portland Penny , is on display in the headquarters of the Oregon Historical Society . Pettygrove és Lovejoy minden kívánta megnevezni az új várost, miután saját szülővárosában, ez a döntés született, a pénzfeldobást , amely Pettygrove nyert a sorozatban a háromból kettő dobálhat. [13] Az érme használni erre a határozatra, mai nevén A Portland Penny , van kiállítva a székhelye a Oregon Történelmi Társulat .</p><p>At the time of its incorporation on February 8, 1851 Portland had over 800 inhabitants, [ 14 ] a steam sawmill, a log cabin hotel, and a newspaper, the Weekly Oregonian . Abban az időben való beépítést a február 8, 1851 Portland már több mint 800 lakosú, [14], a gőz fűrészüzem, egy gerendaház szállodában, és egy újság, az Heti Oregonian . By 1879, the population had grown to 17,500. [ 15 ] The city merged with Albina and East Portland in 1891, and annexed the cities of Linnton and St. Johns in 1915. Által 1879, a lakosság pedig már 17.500. [15] A város összeolvadt Albina-és kelet-Portland 1891-ben, és a csatolt városok Linnton és St. Johns 1915-ben.</p><p>Portland's location, with access both to the Pacific Ocean via the Willamette and the Columbia rivers and to the agricultural Tualatin Valley via the "Great Plank Road" through a canyon in the West Hills (the route of current-day US Route 26 ), gave it an advantage over nearby ports, and it grew very quickly. [ 16 ] It remained the major port in the Pacific Northwest for much of the 19th century, until the 1890s, when Seattle 's deepwater harbor was connected to the rest of the mainland by rail, affording an inland route without the treacherous navigation of the Columbia River. Portland helyezkedik el, megközelíthető mind a Csendes-óceán keresztül a Willamette és a Columbia folyók és a mezőgazdasági Tualatin völgy keresztül a "Nagy Plank út" révén egy kanyon a West Hills (az út jelenlegi napos US Route 26 ), adott ez egy előnyt közeli kikötők, és ez nagyon gyorsan növekedett. [16] maradt a nagy port a Pacific Northwest sokkal a 19. században, egészen a 1890-es években, amikor a Seattle s mélytengeri kikötő volt, csatlakozik a többi szárazföldi a vasúti, biztosító belföldi útvonalon anélkül, hogy az áruló navigációs a Columbia folyó partján.<br />[ edit ] Nicknames [ szerkesztés ] Becenevek<br />Main article: Nicknames of Portland, Oregon Bővebben: Becenevek Portland, Oregon</p><p>The most common nickname for Portland is The City of Roses , [ 17 ] and this became the city's official nickname in 2003. [ 18 ] Other nicknames include Stumptown , [ 19 ] Bridgetown , [ 20 ] Rip City , [ 21 ] Little Beirut , [ 1 ] Beervana [ 22 ] [ 23 ] or Beertown , [ 24 ] P-Town , [ 18 ] [ 25 ] Soccer City USA [ 26 ] [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] and the metonymous PDX . A leggyakoribb becenevet Portland városa Roses, [17] , és ez lett a város hivatalos beceneve, 2003-ban. [18] Más nevek közé Stumptown , [19] Bridgetown, [20] Rip város, [21] Kis Bejrútban, [1] Beervana [22] [23] vagy Beertown, [24] P-Town, [18] [25] Soccer City Amerikai Egyesült Államok [26] [27] [28] [29] és a metonymous PDX .<br />[ edit ] Geography [ szerkesztés ] Földrajz<br />The Willamette River runs through the center of the city, while Mount Tabor (center) rises on the city's east side. Mount Saint Helens (left) and Mount Hood (right center) are visible from many places in the city. A Willamette folyó fut keresztül a város központjában, míg a Mount Tabor (középen) emelkedik a város keleti oldalán. Mount Saint Helens (balra) és Mount Hood (jobbra középen) is látható sok helyen a városban. </p><P>August 8 and 10, 1981.^[37] Temperatures of 100 °F (38 °C) have been recorded in each of the months from May through September.^[37]

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